Diseño y validación del cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad percibida en la gestión deportiva del futbol femenil / Desenho e validação do questionário para avaliação da qualidade percebida na gestão esportiva do futebol feminino / Design and validation of the questionnaire for the evaluation of the perceived quality in sports management of women’s soccer

El objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar y validar la creación del cuestionario de evaluación de la calidad percibida en la gestión deportiva del futbol femenil. El muestreo fue intencional por conveniencia, con un total de 332 jugadoras y un rango de edad de entre los 18 y 51 años (M= 20.92; DE= 3.59). Se llevaron a cabo análisis de validez de constructo por medio de un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) así como un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) seguido de análisis de fiabilidad y varianzamedia extractada. El instrumento creado fue el GEDECAFF. Los resultados de los análisis factoriales mostraron 36 ítems divididos en 4 factores: (1) Interacción con el entrenador, (2) Instalaciones, (3) Servicio de personal e (4) Institucional; los indicadores de pertinencia fueron apropiados y explican el 76.25% de la varianza total. Los índices de ajuste, error y chi cuadrado son adecuados CFI = .90, TLI = .89 y RMSEA = .07, χ2/gl = 2.17. Los resultados muestran que Alfa de Cronbach y Omega de McDonald por factores está por encima de .90. En conclusión, el cuestionario GEDECAFF presenta las propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias y atiende las necesidades de los servicios ofrecidos por los distintos clubes, dando oportunidad a la mejora continua de la calidad del servicio en el futbol femenil.(AU)

The purpose of this study is to design and validate the creation of the questionnaire for the evaluation of theperceived quality in the sports management of women's soccer. The sampling was intentional for convenience, with a total of 332 soccer players and an age range between 18 and 51 years (M = 20.92; SD= 3.59). Construct validity analyses were carried out using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) followed by reliability analysis and extracted mean variance. The instrument created was the GEDECAFF. The result of the factor analysis showed 36 items divided into 4factors: (1) Interaction with a coach, (2) Facilities, (3) Personal service, and (4) Institutional; the relevance indicators were adequate, explaining 76.25% of the total variance. The fit and error indices are adequate CFI = .90, TLI = .89, and RMSEA = .07, regarding the χ2/df = 2.17. The results show that Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega by factors is above .90. In conclusion, the GEDECAFF questionnaire presents the appropriate psychometric properties and meets the needs of the services offered by the different women's soccer clubs, opening an opportunity for continuous improvement in the quality of service in women's soccer.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foivalidar a criação do questionário para avaliação da qualidade percebida na gestão desportiva do futebol feminino. A amostra foi intencional por conveniência, com um total de 332 jogadores de futebol e faixa etária entre 18 e 51 anos (M= 20.92; DP= 3.59). As análises de validade de construto foram realizadas por meio de uma análise fatorial exploratória (EFA), bem como uma análise fatorial confirmatória (CFA), seguida de análise de confiabilidade e variância média extraída. O instrumento criado foi o GEDECAFF. Os resultados das análises fatoriais mostraram 36 itens divididos em 4 fatores: (1) Interação com o formador, (2) Instalações, (3) Atendimento Pessoal e (4) Institucional; os indicadores de relevância foram adequados, explicando 76.25% da variância total. Os índices de ajuste e erro são adequados CFI = .90, TLI = .89 e RMSEA = .07, em relação ao χ2/df = 2.17. Os resultados mostram que o Alfa de Cronbach e o ômega do McDonald's por fatores estão acima de 0,90. Em conclusão, o questionário GEDECAFF apresenta as propriedades psicométricas adequadas e atende às necessidadesdos serviços oferecidos pelos diferentes clubes de futebol feminino, abrindo uma oportunidade de melhoria contínua na qualidade do serviço no futebol feminino.(AU)

Outracing champion Gran Turismo drivers with deep reinforcement learning.

Many potential applications of artificial intelligence involve making real-time decisions in physical systems while interacting with humans. Automobile racing represents an extreme example of these conditions; drivers must execute complex tactical manoeuvres to pass or block opponents while operating their vehicles at their traction limits1. Racing simulations, such as the PlayStation game Gran Turismo, faithfully reproduce the non-linear control challenges of real race cars while also encapsulating the complex multi-agent interactions. Here we describe how we trained agents for Gran Turismo that can compete with the world's best e-sports drivers. We combine state-of-the-art, model-free, deep reinforcement learning algorithms with mixed-scenario training to learn an integrated control policy that combines exceptional speed with impressive tactics. In addition, we construct a reward function that enables the agent to be competitive while adhering to racing's important, but under-specified, sportsmanship rules. We demonstrate the capabilities of our agent, Gran Turismo Sophy, by winning a head-to-head competition against four of the world's best Gran Turismo drivers. By describing how we trained championship-level racers, we demonstrate the possibilities and challenges of using these techniques to control complex dynamical systems in domains where agents must respect imprecisely defined human norms.

Decálogo de recomendaciones sobre psicología y deporte juvenil. Documento de consenso / Recommendations for psychology and youth sports. A consensus document

Las organizaciones deportivas involucradas en el deporte-base cuentan con entrenadores, directivos y árbitros cuya actitud, trabajo y dedicación permite deducir que la mayoría son ciudadanos voluntarios con escaso conocimiento sobre la psicología como método de trabajo. Este documento, impulsado por el Programa Talento Deportivo de la Universidad de Navarra y el Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Navarra, aborda el papel de la psicología en el deporte infanto-juvenil y los beneficios que puede aportar a deportistas, padres, entrenadores, árbitros o directivos. También establece un consenso en forma de decálogo y veintisiete recomendaciones con el objetivo de reconocer los beneficios de mejorar el conocimiento psicológico de los distintos perfiles implicados en el deporte-base con el fin de adquirir destrezas que beneficien tanto el rendimiento como el estado psicológico. Su objetivo es proveer unas directrices psicológicas para utilizarlas en el manejo y entrenamiento de los deportistas infanto-juveniles

Sports organisations involved in grassroots sports have trainers, managers and referees whose attitudes, work and dedication show that many of them are volunteers with little knowledge of psychology as a working method. This document, promoted by the Programa Talento Deportivo of the University of Navarra and the Official Association of Psychologists of Navarra, considers the role of psychology in children's and adolescents' sport and the benefits it can offer to sports players, parents, trainers, referees and managers. It also establishes a consensus in the form of a set of guidelines and twenty-seven recommendations. The aim of this consensus is to recognise the benefits of including psychology in the profiles involved in grassroots sport, to enable those involved to acquire skills that can help to improve performance and psychological states, promoting directives to be used when managing and training young sports players

Esporte: entenda a fase emergencial do Plano SP

Saiba mais em www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/coronavirus/planosp

Return to sport for North American professional sport leagues in the context of COVID-19.

COVID-19 is a respiratory illness that can spread from person to person. A range of clinical scenarios exist, from an asymptomatic disease course to SARS and death. This document describes important considerations for 5 North American professional sports leagues (Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, National Basketball Association, National Football League and National Hockey league) assessing when and how to resume phased operations, including practices and games. Sports should prioritise and promote the health and safety of athletes, team and operational staff, and other participants, and should not unduly increase those individuals' relative health risk while contributing to economic recovery, providing entertainment for the public and leading a responsible restoration of civic life. Because elite professional sport ordinarily is conducted in a controlled environment, professional sports leagues may be able to achieve these goals. This document is focused on professional sports leagues in North America, and although many of the statements are generalisable to professional sporting settings throughout the world, other considerations may apply to sports in other countries.

Sport activity in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: evidence and perspectives.

Demographic characteristics of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices have significantly changed during the last few years, according to the ageing of the population and the consequent increase in the number of elderly individuals with indication for pacemaker implant and, on the other hand, to the increased number of young individuals implanted with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for the primary prevention of sudden death. More and more often, both elderly and young patients ask the physician to deal with the device in their daily activities, which often include sport practice. This latter is advisable because of its recognized benefits on cardiovascular prevention, although there are many limitations for patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device. Hence, the need to balance the patient's request with the appropriate precautions emerging from existing evidence. The current article aims to provide an overview of the most recent data on this topic, derived from registries and observational studies. Over the years an attempt to standardize recommendations has been made, but robust evidence is still lacking. Substantial differences exist between countries based on their sports regulations. Official recommendations of European and American Scientific Societies are resumed. The future perspective is to obtain data to allow these patients a safer practice of sport activity also through technological advances in terms of device materials and programming improvement and the possibility of remote monitoring.

Sports participation and quality of life in individuals with visual impairment.

BACKGROUND: The positive effects of sports participation on health can be an important issue for rehabilitation of visually impaired individuals. AIMS: Our aim was to determine the relationship between sports participation and quality of life in individuals with visual impairment. METHODS: The study included 100 athletes who participated in national games for people with visual impairment and 100 subjects who did not participate in sports as the control group. The two groups were matched according to age, gender, visual acuity and visual field. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was applied for assessment of quality of life. RESULTS: All subjects had best corrected visual acuity less than 6/60 and/or visual field less than central 10 degrees in radius in the better eye. The sociodemographic characteristics of the study and control groups were similar except the level of education being higher in the athlete group and level of income higher in the control group. All of the SF-36 scores were higher among athletes compared to controls. Duration of sports activities (years) was positively correlated with Physical Functioning score. There were no significant relations between SF-36 scores and weekly sports participation time (hours). Athletes who had visual loss at an earlier age had better scores in Physical Functioning and Role Limitations due to Physical Problems. CONCLUSIONS: Sports activities had positive relationships with all domains of the quality of life in individuals with visual impairment. Thus, appropriate sports activities would increase the success of rehabilitation programs and their quality of life.

Conclusiones de las IX Jornadas del grupo Avilés sobre Medicina del Deporte 19 de Noviembre de 2020 (Online) / Conclusions of the IX Conference of the Aviles Group on Sports Medicine / Conclusões da IX Conferência do Grupo Aviles de Medicina Esportiva

El Grupo de Trabajo Avilés fue impulsado por el Consejo Superior de Deportes en 2009 y está formado por representantes de los Centros de Medicina de la Educación Física y el Deporte de todas las comunidades autónomas que cuentan con estas infraestructuras y representantes de centros de medicina del deporte de centros de tecnificación, centros municipales de medicina del deporte y la Agencia Española de Protección de la Salud en el Deporte. Como objetivos de este grupo de trabajo figuran la coordinación entre estas estructuras autonómicas de la medicina del deporte, el planteamiento de soluciones comunes a las diferentes problemáticas que sufren cada uno de los centros y el ser un grupo de asesoramiento, en los diferentes ámbitos de la medicina de la educación física y el deporte, para el Consejo Superior de Deportes. Este grupo de trabajo se reúne periódicamente; en su última reunión, celebrada online 19 de noviembre de 2020, se acordaron una serie de conclusiones, en relación con el propio Grupo de Avilés, la salud del deportista frente al SARS-CoV-2 y el mantenimiento de la especialidad. Este artículo reproduce dichas conclusiones

The Avilés Working Group was promoted by the National Sports Council in 2009 and is made up of representatives of Physical Education and Sports Medicine Centers of all the autonomous communities that have these infrastructures, Sports Technification Centers, municipal Sports Medicine Centers and the Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport. The objectives of this working group include the coordination between these autonomous structures of Sports Medicine, the proposal of common solutions to the different problems suffered by each of the centers and to be an advisory group in the different areas of the Physical Education and Sports Medicine, for the National Sports Council. This working group meets periodically; at its last online meeting, held 19 November 2020, a series of conclusions were agreed, in relation to the Avilés Group itself, the health of the athlete from SARS-CoV-2 and the maintenance of the medical specialty. This article reproduces these conclusions

O grupo de Trabalho Avilés foi incentivado pelo Conselho Superior de Esportes em 2009. É composto por representantes dos Centros de Medicina da Educação Física e Esporte de todas as comunidades autônomas que contam com estas infraestruturas, bem como representantes dos centros de medicina do esporte de centros técnicos, centros municipais de medicina do esporte e da Agencia Espanhola de Proteção da saúde no Esporte. Como objetivos de trabalho desde grupo, figuram a coordenação entre estas estruturas autonômicas da medicina do esporte, a criação de soluções comuns as diferentes problemáticas que sofrem cada um dos centros, além de ser um grupo de assessoramento, nos diferentes âmbitos da medicina da educação física e do esporte, para o Conselho Superior de Esportes. Este grupo de trabalho se reúne periodicamente; Em sua última reunião online, celebrada em 19 de novembro de 2020, se acordam uma série de conclusões em relação ao próprio Grupo de Avilés, a saúde do esportista contra SARS-CoV-2 e a manutenção da especialidade. Este artigo reproduz estas conclusões

Educación deportiva, roles y vulnerabilidad. Influencia en la responsabilidad e interculturalidad / Sport Education, Roles and Vulnerability. Influence on Responsibility and Intercultural Competence

El presente estudio examinó los efectos de dos dinámicas de roles (fija y rotativa) sobre los niveles de responsabilidad y competencia intercultural en adolescentes españoles de un contexto socialmente vulnerable. Formaron parte del estudio 96 estudiantes de primer curso de educación secundaria (Medad = 12.2) de un centro ubicado en Andalucía (España). Siguiendo un diseño cruzado simple, cuasi-experimental y con medidas repetidas (pretest-post1-post2), los participantes asistieron a dos unidades didácticas consecutivas con Educación Deportiva sobre baloncesto y floorball, respectivamente. Se recabó información mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas y cuestionarios. Se evidenció un mayor impacto de los roles fijos en la responsabilidad social y en las variables interculturales (sensibilidad y comportamiento), con especial incidencia en varones. Ligeras consecuencias negativas fueron halladas en los niveles de responsabilidad de estudiantes de sexo femenino. Se desvela la importancia de asumir roles fijos en contextos socialmente vulnerables, así como en experiencias iniciales con Educación Deportiva

This paper examines the effect of two different roles' strategies (permanent and rotating) on Spanish adolescents' responsibility and intercultural competence levels. Following a quasi-experimental, simple crossover design with repeated measures (pretest-post1-post2), 96 high school students (Mage = 12.2) and one teacher participated part in two consecutive Sport Education-based teaching units of basketball and floorball, respectively. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Permanent roles were associated with improvements on social responsibility and intercultural variables (sensibility and behavior), especially in males. There are slightly negative consequences on female' responsibility levels. Findings reveal and emphasize the importance of using permanent roles when dealing with socially vulnerable contexts, as well as first experiences with Sport Education

COVID-19 and mask in sports

INTRODUCTION: Due to the mandatory use of a mask, and the authorization to do outdoor sports in Catalonia, we aimed to assess the physiological impact of the hypercapnia hypoxia generated by the masks during aerobic sports practice. METHODS: Eight subjects (2 women, 6 men) were assessed at baseline with and without a mask, and immediately after a 21-flex test performed following the Ruffier protocol with a mask. Measures of HR (heart rate), concentration of O2 and CO2 inside the mask and SatO2 were assessed. The test was carried out in ambient air in squares in the city of Barcelona. RESULTS: A decrease in O2 was recorded, and when comparing the, baseline 20.9%, baseline mask 18.3%, post-exercise 17.8% (p < 0.001). An increase in CO2 in the three preconditions (464, 14162, 17000ppm; p < 0.001). Basal saturation O2 was 97.6±1.5% and post exercise 92.1±4.12% (p 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The use of masks in athletes causes hypoxic and hypercapnic breathing as evidenced by increased effort during exercise. The use of masks during a short exercise with an intensity around 6-8 METS, decreases O2 by 3.7% and increases the CO2 concentration by 20%

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Benefits of Outdoor Sports in Blue Spaces. The Case of School Nautical Activities in Viana do Castelo.

Participating in outdoor sports in blue spaces is recognized to produce a range of significant social benefits. This case study empirically analyzes the social benefits associated with the School Nautical Activities project carried out in Viana do Castelo (Portugal) in school-age children and adolescents. It consisted of a 4 year program in which scholars took part in nautical activities (surfing, rowing, sailing, and canoeing) in blue spaces once a week during a semester as a part of their physical education course. The methods used for data collection were as follows: (1) a survey answered by 595 participants in the program and (2) five focus groups (FG): two FGs with participants (seven on each FG), two FGs with their parents (eight participants each), and one FG with the physical education teachers (five participants). Interviews were transcribed and qualitative analysis with NVivo software was developed. Results revealed clear evidence on the social benefits for school-age children and adolescents associated with participation in outdoor activities in blue spaces both in the overall health and in all the following analyzed categories: mental health and well-being, education, active citizenship, social behavior, and environmental awareness. More than 40% state that their overall health is much better now (13.4%) or somewhat better now (29.9%) due to their participation in the program. Thus, this article provides support for the anecdotal recognition of the benefits for school-age children and adolescents from participating in sports in the outdoors and especially in blue spaces.

Service Quality for Sports and Active Aging in Japanese Community Sports Clubs.

(1) Background: This study aims to examine the association between service quality for sports and active aging and the impacts on different age cohorts; (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study used a convenience sample of 545 Japanese community sports club (CSC) members over 60 years old, recruited from across eight CSCs in Japan between 2012-2013. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure the self-reported health status of the elderly, evaluations to CSCs, demographic characteristics, and information on sports programs; (3) Results: The results of multiple logistic regression showed that domains of general evaluation for sports (OR = 1.942 and 95% CI 1.336~2.824), benefits of sports (OR = 1.659 and 95% CI 1.344~2.047), and management in sports (OR = 1.273 and 95% CI 1.011~1.603) were important for club members aged 60-64, the young-old, and the old-old, respectively. With a reduced model for elderly members, stratified analyses showed a significant impact of service quality for sports on active aged people in the benefits and management domains, regardless of sociodemographic information or club participation behavior; (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest that the services encountered in sports are key to promoting health in a community. Service quality in age segmentation should be considered to promote and manage active aging in the future.

Compartiendo experiencias del COVID-19: España y la OMS trabajando para hacer el deporte seguro

COVID-19 affected all sectors of society in Spain, including sports, one of the population’s most important areas of life. In response, the Spanish ministries of health and sports, following WHO guidelines, developed the “Safe Sports” initiative. With the aim to help sporting competitions resume safely, for athletes and staff, Spanish authorities have taken a risk-based approach to assessing the level of risk, finding solutions to address risks, and communicating those measures to the public. More information: https://bit.ly/3dIEWcF

Sharing COVID-19 experiences: Spain and WHO working to make sports safe

COVID-19 affected all sectors of society in Spain, including sports, one of the population’s most important areas of life. In response, the Spanish ministries of health and sports, following WHO guidelines, developed the “Safe Sports” initiative. With the aim to help sporting competitions resume safely, for athletes and staff, Spanish authorities have taken a risk-based approach to assessing the level of risk, finding solutions to address risks, and communicating those measures to the public. More information: https://bit.ly/3dIEWcF

Evidence-based Classification in Track Athletics for Athletes with a Vision Impairment: A Delphi Study.

SIGNIFICANCE: The Delphi analysis presented here highlights the need for a sport-specific evidence-based classification system for track athletics for athletes with a vision impairment (VI). This system may differ for different race distances. Further research is required to develop a useful test battery of vision tests for classification. The issue of intentional misrepresentation during classification needs particular attention. PURPOSE: At present, athletes with VI are placed into competition classes developed on the basis of legal definitions of VI. The International Paralympic Committee Athlete Classification Code states that all sports should have their own classification system designed to reflect the (visual) demands of that individual sport. This project gathered expert opinion on the specific requirements for an evidence-based sport-specific classification system for VI track athletics and to identify any particular issues within track athletics that require further research into their impact on sport performance. METHODS: A three-round Delphi review was conducted with a panel of 17 people with expertise in VI track athletics. RESULTS: The panel agreed that the current classification system in VI track athletics does not completely minimize the impact of impairment on competition outcome, highlighting the need for improvements. There was clear agreement that the existing measures of vision may fail to adequately reflect the type of vision loss that would impact running performance, with additional measures required. Intentional misrepresentation, where athletes "cheat" on classification tests, remains a serious concern. CONCLUSIONS: The panel has identified measures of vision and performance that will inform the development of an evidence-based classification system by better understanding the relationship between VI and performance in track athletics. Issues such as the use of guides and whether the current class system was equitable gave rise to differing opinions within the panel, with these varying across the different running distances.

Smoothbore weapons and ammunition in shooting sports.

The paper discusses the gauge ammunition used in shooting sports, dedicated for Olympic and non-Olympic shooting disciplines. The following disciplines are addressed: trap, skeet, parcour, shooting animal silhouette targets (stationary or moving) and western competition. Ammunition used in these disciplines, especially produced in Poland, is discussed as well.

Influencia de las pelotas de baja presión en la iniciación al pádel / Influence of Low-Compression Balls in Padel Initation Stage

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las demandas físicas de la competición en pádel de iniciación, y observar la influencia de diferentes tipos de pelota Dieciséis jugadores de pádel en iniciación participaron en este estudio. Cada judador portó un pulsómetro durante el partido. Se utilizaron cuestionarios al término de cada partido para evaluar el esfuerzo percibido y la satisfacción. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas en la estructura temporal de los partidos. Se encontraron diferencias (p < 0,001) entre los partidos con pelota normal y pelota de baja presión tanto en la frecuencia cardiaca media (145,43 ppm vs 140,19 ppm) como en el %FCmáx (72,47 vs 69,85). Los jugadores mostraron mayor satisfacción en el uso de pelotas de baja presión. Estos datos pueden ser de utilidad para determinar el uso de un tipo de pelota u otra y mejorar la planificación del entrenamiento específico en jóvenes jugadores de pádel

The aim of this study was to analyze the physical demands in padel initiation stage and to observe the influence of playing with different type of padel balls. Sixteen padel players at initiation stage participated in this study. Players wore a heart rate (HR) monitor. Perceived exertion and satisfaction questionnaires were administrated at the end of the matches. No differences were found in the match temporal structure. Playing with official balls caused a significant increase in HR (p < 0.001) both in average and maximal values (Average HR: 145 bpm, %HRmax: 72.5%) comparing to low-compression balls (Average HR: 140 bpm, %HRmax: 69.9%). In addition, players showed higher satisfaction when using low-compression balls. This information may have implications to determine the use of normal balls or low-compression balls and the design of specific training programmes for young padel players

La observación en contexto de los niveles de acción en balonmano / The Observation in Context of Level Actions in Team Handball

Esta investigación plantea como objetivo principal diseñar un instrumento de registro que permita describir y relacionar tres niveles de acción del balonmano (juego de equipo, juego grupal y juego individual), vinculándolos al contexto de competición y atendiendo a su eficacia. Siguiendo las directrices de la metodología observacional se opta por un sistema combinado de formatos de campo y sistema de categorías, utilizando un diseño de investigación de carácter ideográfico, puntual y multidimensional. Se utiliza como instrumento de registro el software Dartfish TeamPro V.4.5 para analizar siete partidos de categoría absoluta, y siete partidos de categoría infantil, generándose datos de tipo concurrente y de evento. Se aplican técnicas estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales bivariadas para el análisis relacional de los datos. Destacamos los resultados que constatan la asociación entre sistemas de juego y procedimientos colectivos tanto ofensivos como defensivos, y la dificultad en establecer relaciones significativas entre el ataque y la defensa

The main aim of this research was to design a recording tool that allows describing and relating three levels of action in team handball (team play, group play and individual play), linking them to the competition context and taking their effectiveness into account. Following the guidelines of observational methodology, we selected a combined system of field formats and system of categories, using an ideographic, specific and multidimensional research design. Dartfish TeamPro V.4.5 software, was used as a recording instrument to analyse seven matches in the top category, and seven matches in the children's category, generating concurrent and event data. Bivariate descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for the relational analysis of the data. The results confirmed the association between game systems and collective procedures, both offensive and defensive, as well as the difficulty to establish significant relationships between attack and defense

Validación de un instrumento sobre conocimiento táctico-ofensivo para jugadores con discapacidad intelectual / Validation of an Instrument on Tactical-Offensive Knowledge for Players with Intellectual Disability

El objetivo de este trabajo se centra en construir y validar una herramienta que permita, de forma fiable, evaluar el conocimiento de base de jugadores con discapacidad intelectual leve en aspectos de táctica ofensiva en FS, permitiendo usarlo como evaluación inicial complementaria que guíe el proceso de entrenamiento. El tamaño muestral fue de 68 jugadores (Medad=27; SDedad=9.06 y Mexperiencia=11.78; SDexperiencia=1,29). Los resultados muestran valores adecuados de consistencia interna y de fiabilidad (α=0.64, ω=0.74, ICC=0.64 y test-retest). De manera complementaria, se realizó un análisis cualitativo, mediante una entrevista colectiva a un grupo de expertos, sobre la utilidad del instrumento en esta población de deportistas. Los resultados permiten establecer una sólida base para el empleo de este instrumento en futuros estudios

The objective of this work is to build and validate a tool that allows, reliably, evaluate the base knowledge of players with mild intellectual impairment in aspects of offensive tactical in FS, so that it can be used as an additional initial evaluation to guide the training process of coaches. The sample size is constituted by 68 subjects (Mage=27; SDage=9.06 y Mexperience=11.78; SDexperience=1,29). The results show satisfactory internal consistency and reliability values (α=0.64, ω=0.74, ICC=0.64 and test-retest). In a complementary manner, a qualitative analysis was carried out, through a collective interview with a group of experts, about the utility of the instrument in this population of athletes. The results allow to establish a solid base for the use of this instrument in future studies